Characterizing Exposure, Metabolism, and In Vitro effects of Azobenzene Disperse Dyes in the Indoor Environment
Azobenzene disperse dyes are the fastest-growing class of synthetic dyestuffs, and have recently been identified as the predominant class of brominated compounds in indoor house dust. Yet, little is known about dye sources, transformations, and health implications with regard to the indoor environment, particularly where children's health is concerned. Numerous studies have suggested that these compounds and their breakdown products are likely immune sensitizers, among other toxicological concerns. Using high resolution mass spectrometry, cheminformatic methods, and in vitro models, we investigated the occurrences of azobenzene disperse dyes in children's clothing and in indoor house dust, explored the haptenic potential of these compounds to engage in immune sensitization, and characterized the metabolites of these compounds.
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